Apparatus for forming hollow articles of work-strengthenable plastic materials



H. G. JOHNSON APPARATUS FOR Dec. 15, 1970 3,546,746

FORMING HOLLOW ARTICLES OF WORK-STRENGTHENABLE PLASTIC MATERIALS Flled May 19, 1969 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR.

HERBERT G. JOHNSON 4' Sheets-Sheet 2 1970 H. cs. JOHNSON APPARATUS FOR FORMING HOLLOW ARTICLES OF WORK-STRENGTHENABLE PLASTIC MATERIALS Filed May 19, 1969 v INVIiNTOR.

HERBERT G. JOHNSON m W q g Q a aw Pam 2 I w w w 2 a 1970 H. G. JOHNSON 3,54 ,7

APPARATUS FOR FORMING HOLLOW ARTICLES OF WORK-STRENGTHENABLE PLASTIC MATERIALS .4 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed May 19, 1969 I INVENTOR. HERBERT e. JOHNSON H. G. JOHNSO N APPARATUS FOR FORMING HOLLOW ARTICLES OF WORK- Dec. 15, 1970 STRENGTHENABLE PLASTIC MATERIALS 4 Sheets-Sheet 4.

Filed May 19, 1969 all?? INVENTOR. HERBERT G. JOHNSON United States Patent O M 3,546,746 APPARATUS FOR FORMING HOLLOW ARTICLES OF WORK-STRENGTHENABLE PLASTIC MATE- RIALS Herbert G. Johnson, Havertown, Pa., assignor to Shell Oil ompany, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware Continuation-impart of application Ser. No. 601,380, Dec. 13, 1966. This application May 19, 1969, Ser. No. 825,783

Int. Cl. 1329c 17/02 US. Cl. 18-19 13 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This application discloses method and apparatus for forming flanged hollow articles of solid-work-strengthenable tenaciously stretchable plastically-flowable materials, particularly crystalline polymers, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and the like, and the article made thereby, wherein a female die unit with a tubular portion has an annular (but not necessarily always circular) peripherally confined blank-holding recess seat at one end, the female die unit being formed of separable parts, when desired; wherein independently power-actuated rim-clamping means having axial movement clamp a rim portion of a blank securely in said recess seat against pull-in and with the added function of squeezing inventory material of the rim inwardly, when desired; and wherein an independently power-actuated axiallymovable article-forming plunger moves through said clamping means, preferably being guided thereby and sealed, to force the unclamped inner portion of the blank through the female die unit to pull bottom inventory material outward without extrusion action to form the side wall of the article.

An opposed cooperating independently power-actuated axially-movable bottom plunger may be provided to act against the bottom of the blank to control its shape during and at the end of the forming action, and, if desired, to eject the formed article. Means may be provided for supplying to or removing fluid from one or both sides of the blank to assist the flow of material and in ejection of the article, when desired. The arrangement of the rim-clamping means relative to the sidewall of the tubular portion of the female die unit and the shape of the forming plunger assist in the flow of material and in establishing the desired thickness of the sidewall of the article.

Means also may be provided for biaxially working the material of the rim, as by circumferential movement of pressure means acting thereon.

RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 601,380, filed Dec. 13, 1966 now Pat. No. 3,499,188.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This application relates to apparatus for forming hollow articles of solid-work-strengthenable plastic materials and has for an object the provision of improvements in this art.

The invention is applicable to various plastic materials, such as plastic polymers and certain metals, but is particularly applicable to plastics of the kind which can be strengthened by being worked in the solid state. The term solid-working is used herein. The term coldworking is also used at times for convenience since the 3,546,746 Patented Dec. 15, 1970 effects of solid-working of some materials are similar to those produced by cold-working various metals and since cold-working is coming to be applied to such solid-state strengthening pthenomena. The term coldworking seems to be applicable, although certain plastics are subject to strength improvement by working in the solid state at relatively high temperatures, as for example, several hundred degrees 'F. for PTFE (poly-tetra-fluoroethylene), one of the better known fluorocarbon polymers.

Some of the synthetic plastics which are suitable for use under the present invention are fluorocarbon polymers, polyamides, polyesters and polyolefins. Polypropylenes, in particular, are subject to strength improvement to a remarkable degree by solid-working procedures, either uniaxially or biaxially. The present invention provides for strengthening in the axis or axes preferred, as may be most suitable for the article produced.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, apparatus is provided for making flanged hollow articles from a flat sheet blank in a single continuous procedure.

The blank may be referred to as a sheet, plate, billet, or disk. In the simplest aspect of the invention, the outer edge of a blank is gripped around its periphery or rim against a transverse seat in an axial peripherally confined recess by an annular blank-holding or clamping means and the inner portion is moved along axially as inventory material by the forward end of a central forming plunger through an annular orifice which, when desired, is arranged to be radially thinner than the blank and as thick radially as the thickest part of the sidewall of the container to be formed, to form a hollow article having a reduced top flange thickness and a sidewall which has been solid-Work by controlled stretching of the inner bottom inventory material.

In a specific aspect, the inner edge of the clamping means overhangs the sidewall of the tubular portion of the female die unit at the recess seat and guides the forward end of the forming plunger relative to the female die unit to provide an annular (not necessarily circular) orifice which defines the maximum thickness of the side wall of the forming article. This means, as shown in the drawings, that the width of the orifice is less than the depth of the seat recess and, in desired cases, is made to be of less width than the thickness of the blank. Means are provided for supplying to or removing fluid from one or both sides of the blank to assist in controlling the flow of material and removing the formed article.

The bottom may be further worked and shaped between the forming plunger and a cooperating reaction member at the end of the body-forming stroke, the thickness of the bottom depending on the length of the sideforming stroke as related to the original thickness of the blank, the size of the annular die orifice, and other factors, such as relative friction of material with the forming die, and the like, to be discussed hereinafter.

In another aspect of the invention, the blank-holdergripped portion or periphery of the blank and the bottom may be retained with the sidewall portion to form a closed-bottom container with a top-strengthening rim; or the tubular worked portion may be cut off from the rim and bottom and used as a tube, especially when it has been drawn out to considerable length, as is possible by the present procedure and apparatus.

As another aspect of the invention, the rim is compressed, as by axial or radial forces, or both, to thin it and force some of its supply or inventory material into the inner portion of the blank and thereby give the rim and adjacent portions of the article the characteristics of solidworked material.

As another aspect of the invention, the rim and adjacent sidewall is notonly worked axially and radially, but also is caused to flow peripherally so as to acquire biaxial orientation strengthening whereby to overcome the directional weakness characteristic of uniaxial orientation.

. As another aspect or object of the invention, the tubular portion may be expanded and shaped to give it greater circumferential strength by a secondary action after initial formation and while the material is still substantially at the same working temperature.

Another object is to provide apparatus which has a rapid working cycle and which delivers the formed article in a convenient manner relative to the location of the machine components.

Another object is to make a laminated or multi-walled article of the same or different layer materials.

Another object is to make a container having a rim with predetermined irregularities on its outer surface, such as projections, indentations, or the like, for screw or snap tops, bails, or the like.

DRAWINGS The above and other objects of the invention, as well as various features of novelty and advantages, will be apparent from the following description of certain exemplary embodiments, reference being made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an axial section through one form of press apparatus embodying the invention, the parts being shown in retracted position with a sheet blank or billet introduced but with power actuating means being omitted;

FIG. 2 is a view like FIG. 1 but with an annular blankholding plunger closed on the blank rim and material of the rim extruded inwardly;

FIG. 3 is a view like FIG. 1 but showing the article, here a cup-shaped article, in fully formed condition;

FIG. 4 is a view like FIG. 1 but showing the press open and the article ejected;

FIG. 5 is a vertical section and elevation of a machine for making re-entry and expanded shapes and for working the rim circumferentially;

FIG. 6 is a section of a central portion of FIG. 5, showing a stage of the article forming action;

FIG. 7 is a section like FIG. 6 showing the stage at article completion;

FIG. 8 shows the state when the article is being removed;

FIG. 9 is a partial view like FIG. 5 but with the opposed plunger omitted.

SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIGS. 1 to 4, a forming press comprises a female die unit 10 having a cavity or chamber 11 and an annular peripherally confined recess seat 12 for a plate-like blank W. Axially-mova-ble blank-holding and compressing means, such as an annular plunger 13 is suitably mounted, as on guide rods 14 to enter the enlarged seat recess portion of the die chamber and clamp the annular outer edge or rim of the blank upon the annular seat 12.

A forming plunger 15 is arranged to move axially through the inner cylindrical opening 16 of the annular rim plunger 13 to engage the interior portion of the blank W within the outer annular clamped rim portion, an annular space or orifice 17 being provided (FIG. 2) between the inner edge of the seat and the outer periphery of the forward end of the forming plunger 15. As here shown, the clamping means extends inward to closely confine and accurately guide the forming plunger and also prevent upward flow of material if the clamping means thins the rim to force inventory material inward after the forming plunger has engaged the blank.

This annular orifice space 17, when desired, is made thinner radially than the original thickness of the blank and approximately the thickness of the thickest part of the sidewall Cw of the container C (FIGS. 3 and 4) which is to be formed. This leaves substantially the entire inner body of the blank beneath the lower end of the plunger as bottom inventory or reservoir material to be drawn out from beneath the lower end of the plunger to form the sidewall of the container as tine forming plunger advances into the forming chamber.

An opposed axially movable independently power-actuated cooperating plunger 20 is slidably mounted in the die chamber and, if desired, may be raised to engage the lower surface of the blank at the start of or during the forming operation. However, the upward pressure of the cooperating opposed plunger is relatively slight so that it will have substantially no compression extruding effect on the free outward flow of blank inventory material from beneath the forming plunger. When the article is fully formed the bottom of the end of the opposed plunger, after being pushed down by the forming plunger with only slight resistance engages an annular stop seat 21 of the female die unit (FIG. 3) so as to form the bottom Cb of the article under pressure from the forming plunger. The end of the opposed plunger may, if desired, be covered with a low-friction low-thermal-transfer material.

The clamping means or plunger 13 engages the outer edge of the blank with sufficient axial pressure to hold it securely against pulling out as the article is formed but it may leave the rim at different thicknesses, as desired, from substantially the full thickness of the original blank down to a very thin rim. As shown, the rim is left with a thickness about the same as that of the sidewall of the formed container. Stops 22 of any suitable selectable replaceable nature may be provided for limiting the downward movement of the clamping plunger, herein the stop means being shown as insertable washers of selectable thickness.

The pull-out of reservoir or inventory material from beneath the forming plunger 15 is affected by the shape of the plunger, the relative frictional character of the material-engaging surface of the material and plunger, and other factors, to be discussed. The tip 23 of the plunger herein shown (FIGS. l-4) is of a low-friction low-thermal-transfer substance, such as a rubberlike material, and has a rounded outer edge 24 for the easy flow of material. A fluorocarbon polymer coated plunger end may be desirable.

Here the forming plunger is provided with an axial fluid passage 25, as for air or other desired fluid. Fluids having lubricating efi'ects may be used. An O-ring seal 26 is provided between the forming plunger 15 and the clamping plunger 13 to aid in retaining fluid. Fluid may be supplied to or withdrawn from beneath the blank in the forming space past the opposed plunger, as by a chamber duct 27, a retaining O-ring seal 28 being provided around the stem of the opposed plunger.

The pull-out of material from beneath the forming plunger is affected by: (a) the temperature and composition of the material itself; (b) the rate of advance of the forming plunger; (c) the temperature of the forming plunger; (d) its shape; (e) the frictional character of its material-engaging surface with the material being formed; (f) the Character and temperature of the fluid supplied to or withdrawn from the space between the upper surface of the blank and the bottom of the forming plunger; and (g) the control of the opposed plunger and the fluid supplied to or withdrawn from the space between it and the lower surface of the blank. As shown, the forming plunger has a concave blank-engaging end which tends to limit blank contact to the rounded annular outer portion and provides fluid space between the blank and the end of the plunger. A PTFE coated plunger has a very low frictional characteristic, especially with a lowfriction blank material.

It may also be desirable to supply fiuid around the rim of the blank to inhibit sticking and to aid the inward flow of material by extrusion when compressed axially by the clamping plunger. For this purpose, radial ducts 29 are provided, O-rin-g seals 30 and 31 being provided to inhibit fluid leakage. This is more important when the article flange C7 is relatively very wide and it is to be reduced materially in thickness to supply material to be drawn, as from a second supply or inventory of material, that in the rim, into the side wall of the container. Preferably, when there is a considerable body or inventory of rim material, this is compressed axially and forced inward gradually as the forming plunger moves down to form the sidewall of the container. In the case of FIGS. 1 and 2, where the rim is narrow and the annular orifice is narrow, the rim material is preferably forced inward before or during the early part of the descent of the forming plunger. In no case is the outer edge of the blank drawn inward bodily as is done in many sheet metal cupping operations where the material of the blank is not much thinned. The inner side of the seat recess is freely open for the inflow of rim inventory material by extrusion caused by axial compression.

The opposed plunger can be brought up at any time desired to act against the bottom of the blank beneath the forming plunger to control the outflow of material around the outer edge of the forming plunger and to control ballooning of the blank beneath the forming plunger when a balloon or bubble of materialis formed by fluid pressure beneath the forming plunger. The opposed plunger, depending on its position, limits the length of such a bubble and inhibits it from forming a point and thereby increasing the drag off the outer edge of the forming plunger.

SECOND EMBODIMENT FIGS. 5-8 show a modified form in which the female die unit 10 is formed by laterally separable parts 10.1, 10.1, each operated by a controlled power device 34. The chamber 11' is larger than the initially formed body of the article or container C and the sidewalls CW and bottom of the article are expanded by air through a passage 25' in the forming plunger 15' after the article is initially drawn out. An annular seat 12' in an axial recess is provided for supporting the outer edge of the blank W and the container flange C'f when the die parts 10.1 are pushed together.

An annular clamping means in the form of a plunger 13' is actuated by a power operating device 35. The forming plunger 15' is actuated by a power device 36. After an article has been drawn down and expanded laterally it is moved down, as by continued application of air through the forming plunger, upon a transfer device such as a moving belt 37 or it may be dropped down on a suitable chute. A pusher 38 operated in controlled timed manner, as by a power device 39 may be used to move the article over upon the belt 37.

The space 17 between the forming plunger and the inside edge of the shoulder of the seat 12' may, if desired, be restricted to a thickness less than that of the original blank and approximately the maximum thickness of the sidewall of the article to be formed so that the body of the blank within the annular clamping plunger is carried down as inventory beneath the forming plunger to be drawn out around its curved outer edge to form the sidewall of the container.

An opposed cooperating bottom reaction plunger 20' is provided for engagement with the lower surface of the bottom of the blank to assist in controlling the formation of the article. Fluid for the space between the end of the plunger 20 and the lower surface of the blank may be supplied or withdrawn by a passage 27' through the stem or rod of the plunger. The plunger 20 is operated in controlled manner by a power actuating device 32.

The form shown in FIGS. -8 includes means for biaxially working the material of the flange C' of the article C. Here the annular rim-clamping plunger 13' is pro- 6 vided with means for rotating it to work the material of the rim circumferentially during or after formation, or both.

As shown, the annular clamping plunger 13 is provided with a ring gear 40 fast thereon which meshes with a splined gear 41 fast on a shaft 42 driven by any suitable means, such as by a belt 43 mounted on a shaft pulley 44 and a power shaft pulley 45 driven by any suitable motor M with suitable timing controls.

The divided die unit of FIGS. 5-8 is especially suited for making containers with rims having external irregularities, such as projections or depressions, for screw or snap tops, bails, or the like, the separable parts of the die providing ready release for such shapes after their formation in the die parts when closed together.

Although controls for power actuating devices are now so conventional and well known to those skilled in the art that it is quite common to omit illustration of them, certain controls are sketchily indicated in FIG. 5 for co ordinating the various operating elements to provide a very wide range in selectivity of action and timing. The valves are all designated as V and the settable timers are all designated as T, even for the clamp-plunger rotating motor M, it being understood that they may be specifically different for various power devices and for the fluid supply and exhaust (including vacuum, where desired) for the plungers 15' and 20. The timers T are shown as separate units for the various power devices but they may be combined at a single master timer unit, as is common.

Although not shown, it is to be understood that the various elements which engage the workpiece may have temperature control means, such as fluid passages, resistor elements, or the like, in known manner.

The annular raised outer edge 24' of the forming plunger of FIGS. 5-8 is preferably made of an insulating low-friction material, as in FIGS. 1-4, to ease the flow-out of material and minimize chilling so that the sidewall of the article will not have undesired thickened portions. The upper end of the opposed reaction plunger 20' is also preferably provided with an insulating covering 20a to minimize chilling of the bottom of the blank which it engages. The material of this covering may be a fluorocarbon polymer, an oxide-coated PTFE impregnated material, rubber-like material or other materials known and used where low-friction and good heat insulation are desired.

The form shown in FIG. 9 is largely like that of FIGS. 5-8 except that the opposed plunger 20' is not used, the divided parts 10.1" of die unit 10" having a full bottom 21" and bottom covering 21"a when closed. Other unchanged parts are designated by the same reference characters.

The blanks W or W may be formed of a single homogeneous thickness of material or may consist of laminae of the same or different kinds of material to make articles either of a single material, integral or laminar, or of laminae of different materials selected for the desired characteristics of the article.

OPERATION With the clamping plunger and forming plunger in raised position, and the die unit parts closed together, if separable, a blank, at proper temperature, is placed on the seat 12 or 12', in the annular seat recess. The annular clamping plunger is brought down on the outer edge of the blank with at least enough pressure to hold the edge against bodily pull-in.

Then the forming plunger is brought down on the blank, being accurately guided by the annular clamping means, and then moved on down to carry blank inventory material downward. Fluid may be supplied through the forming plunger to cause the material to form a bubble or balloon off the hollow bottom of the forming plunger.

This aids the feed out of material from below the bottom of the forming plunger.

At any time after the forming plunger engages the blank, the opposed plunger may be brought up to engage the bottom surface of the blank, and fiuid may be supplied between the end of the opposed plunger and the bottom surface of the article at any time during drawdown or thereafter, as to assist in imparting the proper bottom shape to the article; for example, to force material up into the bottom concavity of the forming plunger. If the material has been ballooned downward this action of the opposed plunger prevents the bottom from forming a point, that is, flattens the balloon or bubble, and causes the material to flow off more easily around the outer corner or end periphery of the forming plunger. This allows the sidewall of the article to be drawn out in tension between the clamped rim and the bottom.

If the annular orifice is thinner than the blank, the first action of the forming plunger thins the material in shear through the orifice. The thickness of the remainder of the sidewall is established by drawing out bottom inventory material until the sidewall reaches the part initially formed.

During sidewall formation, especially with thick blanks and wide rims, the clamping plunger may be moved down further to any desired extent to compress the rim material and extrude rim inventory material inward to be drawn down into the sidewall as the forming plunger advances. The recess space for the rim above the seat is unobstructed inwardly to permit free inflow of material extruded from the rim. The recess enclosure on the outer side prevents outward flow of material. This avoids cracking or rough edges of the rim and this is particularly helpful when the rim is worked circumferentially.

The opposed plunger is retracted as the forming plunger advances and finally comes to a stop at a position which defines the desired length of the article. In the form of FIGS. 1-4, the bottom position of the opposed plunger is defined by the bottom seat 21. In the form of FIGS. 58, the opposed plunger may be stopped by a narrow ledge seat 21', although the power means may provide the stop position, particularly if non-compressible liquid power fiuid is used.

In the first form where the article is not enlarged laterally, the forming plunger is moved down continuously until the bottom is formed by compression, and the article is then removed upwardly.

In the second form where the article is expanded laterally, the forming plunger slows near the bottom after the opposed plunger has moved fully to the bottom and then fluid under high pressure is introduced into the article, as through the forming plunger, to expand the article laterally and force down the bottom material as required to conform to the die unit space provided. Then the forming plunger advances to compress the bottom to final shape. Enough holding time is provided, depending on the type of blank material and operating conditions, to prevent springback. This time may vary from 1 to seconds or more and can readily be determined by tests.

While the article is being formed the rim may be worked circumferentially, along with such thinning as desired, during the same time or earlier, as may be desired. Or the rim may be worked circumferentially after the article has been otherwise formed.

Thereafter, as illustrated in FIGS. 58, the forming and clamping plungers are withdrawn, air being admitted if desired, within the article to break the vacuum or blow oif the article, the die parts then being separated enough to clear the opposed plunger and article, and the opposed plunger is moved on down with the article until the bottom transfer position is reached, suction being applied if desirable, to hold the article on the descending opposed plunger. Then the article is moved off by hand or by the 8 pusher 38 to some transfer means, here shown as the belt 37.

The opposed plunger is then moved back up to the FIG. 5 position at the bottom of the die unit, or higher if desired, and the die parts are brought back together ready to take another blank.

The method of this invention is applicable to plastic materials which can be strengthened by being worked in the solid state; such working including working under tension. Such materials are characterized by having a positive slope of a portion of the curve of true tensile strength vs. strain beyond the tensile yield point and above the tensile yield stress, and by having a true ultimate tensile stress which is greater than the true tensile yield stress. Typical polymers of this type, e.g., crystalline polypropylene, are characterized by a tensile stress-strain curve which shows a reduction of tensile stress immediately following the first yield point, a drop in tensile stress to the second yield point, and a subsequent rise in tensile stress substantially above the first yield point. Such polymers are characteristically employed for use as textile fibers and are characterized by the draw-down or necking efiect which results in a thinning of an article, such as a fiber, upon drawing in the solid state to a reduction in area which is characteristic of the polymer;

The preferred materials for use in the method of this invention are crystalline thermoplastic organic polymers having the above-defined properties. Crystalline polymers are those in which a substantial part of the polymer, e. g., from 30% to 70% or more, is present in the crystalline state as determined, for example, by X-ray analysis. Crystalline polymers are also characterized by having a measurable melting point.

Such crystalline polymers are, for example, fluorocarbons, crystalline polyolefins, polyamides (nylon), polyesters, and the like. The invention is particularly advantageous for use with polyolefins such as commercial, prevailingly isotactic polypropylene, crystalline polypropylene modified for impact improvement including block copolymers with other olefins and high density polyethylene. Other plastics which appear to be suitable for forming in accordance with the present invention are polyvinylidene chloride, crystalline (isotactic) polystyrene, polyethers, ionomers, polyearbonates, polyphenylene oxide, polysulfone, polyurethane, and possibly others which have not yet been investigated.

As stated, the sheet blank may comprise one or a plurality of laminae of the same or different materials, and may have plastic and metal laminae combined in various ways. If laminated blanks are used the working temperature is kept within limits which will avoid injury to the components of lower melting point, especially if located externally where they will be engaged by Working tool surfaces.

Forming in accordance with this invention is carried out at a temperature at which the polymer exists in the solid state, i.e., below the crystal melting point of crystalline polymer. It may be desirable to form crystalline polymers at an elevated temperature, provided it is substantially below the crystalline melting point, e.g., 5 or more below said melting point. It is essential that the polymers remain in the solid state in order to achieve the desired strengthening elTect.

Suitable working temperatures are readily determined for each work-material. Illustrative of those considered most suitable for working prevailingly isotactic polypropylene, which are in the range from about F. to just below the crystalline melting point of 335 F., a preferred range is between about 300 F. and about 330 F. These temperatures are in the cold or solid-working range in which isotactic polypropylene is work-strengthenable.

When the opposed plunger is omitted in the divided die unit embodiment, as shown in FIG. 9, it is preferable to separate the die parts while the article remains on the forming plunger (at times referred to as the forming body) and then to blow the article downward off the forming plunger by pressure fluid delivered through the forming plunger.

When the opposed plunger is omitted in the form of die unit shown in FIG. 1, it is preferable to withdraw the forming body or plunger from the article while the article remains in the mold or die unit, using pressure fluid delivered through the forming body or plunger to aid the separation; then discharge the article upwardly by pressure fluid delivered through fluid ducts which are retained in the bottom of the die unit. The same ducts evacuate air from the die unit as the article is being formed.

Sheet blanks, including laminated sheet blanks, may vary from very thin, say 0.01" or less, up to 1" or more, depending upon lateral area, pressure, depth of draw, and other factors.

Unless deliberate temperature variation is utilized, the blank is preferably heated to a substantially uniform temperature, e.g., not varying by more than 2 F. from the desired value across the surface of the blank. Suitable heating means are contact heaters, e.g., hot plates, or radiant heaters.

Working pressures will range from about 100 to 500 psi. or more, depending on the kind, thickness, temperature of the blank material and other factors. A holding time of about 1 to seconds is usually suflicient to set the material to shape and avoid spring-back. Experience readily determines the time of set.

While certain embodiments of the invention have been described for purposes of illustration, it is to be understood that there may be various embodiments and modifications within the general scope of the invention.

I claim:

1. Apparatus for stretch-forming hollow flanged articles of cold-work-strengthenable plastic materials from blanks which are thicker than the sidewall of the formed article, comprising in combination, a female die unit having a tubular portion with an annular axially openended peripherally confined blank-holding recess with a transverse seat at one end, annular power-actuated axially movable rim-engaging blank-clamping and compressing means arranged to enter and move telescopically through the recess above the blank-holding seat, the space between the blank seat and the clamping means being freely open inwardly for the full thickness of the rim to provide for holding the outer periphery of the blank rim against pull-in and for forcing rim material inward to the desired extent during article formation; an independently power-actuated axially-movable forming body disposed within said rim-engaging means and movable through the annular blank-holding means and the tubular portion of the female die unit to stretch-form the inner portion of the rim-held blank to form the side wall and bottom of the hollow article; and an independently controlled reaction body opposed to the surface of the blank material opposite said forming body which is active during article formation and which provides suflicient resistance axially to control the outflow of bottom inventory material in tension from beneath the advancing forming body but having insufficient resistance axially while the side wall is being formed to thin the bottom inventory material by compression extrusion.

2. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein said opposed reaction body comprises means for applying fluid at controlled pressure to the surface of the blank material opposite said forming body.

3. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1, which further comprises: means for providing fluid at controlled pressure between the end of said forming body and said 10 blank material during article formation; and wherein said opposed reaction body includes means for applying fluid at controlled pressure to the surface of the blank material opposite said forming body.

4. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1, which further comprises: means for halting said opposed reaction body in a fixed axial position when the article is formed to full length, said forming body by continued axial movement forming the bottom of the article against said opposed reaction body.

5. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1 which further comprises: means supplemental to said opposed reaction body for exerting pressure on the bottom material to force it upward against a shaping portion of said forming body.

6. Apparatus as set forth in claim 5, in which said supplemental means comprises means to supply pressure fluid through said opposed reaction body.

7. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1 characterized by the fact that said die unit is axially divided and provided with means to move the parts laterally in and out; said opposed reaction body having axial movement within the axial line of said die unit greater than the inside axial length of the die unit.

8. Apparatus as set forth in claim 7, wherein the die unit includes means forming a bottom stop for said opposed reaction body when the parts are closed and allowing it to pass when the parts are open.

9. Apparatus as set forth in claim 8, wherein said opposed reaction body has movement below the die unit at least as great as the length of the formed article to deliver the article downward when the die parts are separated.

10. Apparatus as set forth in claim 9, further characterized by the fact that said opposed reaction body is provided with means to establish a vacuum with the bottom of the article to hold it on the opposed reaction body while moving downward.

11. Apparatus as set forth in claim 1, wherein said forming body is recessed on the botom to leave a peripheral bottom edge having limited contact with the blank material, said opposed reaction body controlling the passage of material being drawn out over said peripheral bottom edge.

12. Apparatus as set forth in claim 11, in which means are provided on said peripheral bottom edge of the forming body for reducing friction and thermal transfer with the blank material.

13. Apparatus as set forth in claim 11, in which means are provided for forcing bottom material upward into the bottom recess of the forming body after the article has been formed.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,547,331 4/1957 Lent 1819 2,854,694 10/ 1958 Munford.

3,105,270 10/1963 Fibish 1819 3,167,104 1/1965. Wiley et al. 1819 3,183,292 5/1965 Dvoracek 18--2X 3,203,218 8/1965 Bolt et al 1819X 3,235,639 2/1966 Knowles 1819X 3,305,158 2/1967 Whiteford.

3,315,313 4/1967 Stligman 1819X 3,452,396 7/1969 Garver et al 1819 3,470,281 9/1969 Knowles 1819 2,854,694 10/ 1958 Munford.

J. SPENCER OVERHOLSER, Primary Examiner JOHN E. ROETHEL, Assistant Examiner 

